overlaylink

C'est la saison de la sorcière : d'où vient le stéréotype ?

Taylor Rebhan
octobre 23, 2024 | 4 lire la lecture

De la littérature au cinéma en passant par la culture populaire, rien n'évoque Halloween comme la sorcière légendaire, et tout ce qui l'accompagne. Chats noirs, balais volants, potions, chaudrons, nez noueux et grimoires abondent.

Mais que se passe-t-il avec cette caricature ancienne ? Est-elle fondée sur la réalité ou n'est-ce qu'un ramassis de supercheries ?

L'histoire des sorcières est bien antérieure à Halloween, tout comme la tradition celtique dans laquelle cette fête moderne s'inscrit . D'est en ouest, du nord au sud, il serait difficile de trouver un document culturel qui ne possède pas sa propre tradition de sorcières.

La sorcellerie est ancienne

En fait, on retrouve des sorcières dans certains de nos premiers textes écrits.

L' Ancien Testament judéo-chrétien et même des tablettes d'argile mésopotamiennes plus anciennes font référence aux sorcières comme des figures concrètes de l'histoire humaine, et non comme de simples personnages de fiction. Ces anciens documents religieux servaient d'avertissements sur le pouvoir des sorcières et leur recours à une magie non autorisée pour provoquer des événements déplaisants.

Or, les sorcières n'étaient pas les seules à utiliser la magie dans ces ouvrages. Mais elles étaient spécifiquement pointées du doigt pour avoir utilisé un type de magie inapproprié, tout ce que les auteurs jugeaient inacceptable.

C'est un schéma qui se répète depuis des millénaires. Ce n'est pas la langue de triton ou l'orteil d'un mort qui donne un goût particulièrement désagréable à l'histoire des sorcières. Non, c'est simplement une panique morale pure et simple, et la recherche de boucs émissaires qui l'accompagne.

Ce n'est pas la langue de triton ou l'orteil d'un mort qui donne un goût particulièrement désagréable à l'histoire des sorcières. Non, c'est simplement une panique morale pure et simple, et la recherche de boucs émissaires qui l'accompagne.

Avant que nous en sachions beaucoup sur les microbes et la santé mentale, les phénomènes invisibles étaient expliqués par la magie et la religion. Qui pourrait nous en vouloir ? Dans l'Antiquité, la superstition et l'intuition étaient nos seuls arguments. Nous attribuions donc les événements positifs à nos divinités et à la magie positive, et les malheurs et les tragédies à des forces maléfiques, ou magie noire.

Qui pratique la magie noire ? Eh bien, peut-être le chaman aux croyances non conventionnelles sur la santé et la guérison. Ou peut-être la vieille sorcière effrontée qui défie les aînés de la tribu.

Pourquoi se contenter d'explications indépendantes de notre volonté quand on pourrait imputer le malheur à quelqu'un avec qui on a des problèmes ? L'histoire montre à maintes reprises que personne dans la société n'est aussi mûr pour un bon vieux pilori qu'une femme opiniâtre.

Les récoltes ont été mauvaises ? La vache est morte ? Le mari a eu une liaison avec la laitière ? Prenez vos fourches et votre plus grand bac à immersion : nous partons à la chasse aux sorcières.

L’histoire montre à maintes reprises qu’il n’existe personne dans la société qui soit aussi mûre pour un bon vieux pilori qu’une femme ayant des opinions bien arrêtées.

Quelques-unes de ses choses préférées

Bon, nous avons établi le contexte des sorcières : des boucs émissaires surnaturels aux origines magiques ancestrales, souvent victimes d'une misogynie enragée. Mais qu'en est-il de leur attirail occulte ?

Les sorts, potions et feux de joie avec le Diable sont logiques. Ils sont depuis longtemps associés à la magie noire.

Verrues, nez crochus et obsession de la jeunesse éternelle ? Inscrivez-vous au programme d'études de genre de votre université locale pour une introduction à la représentation des femmes dans les médias.

L'iconographie des balais et des chats, en revanche, appelle davantage de spéculations.

C'est ici que réalité et fiction se fondent dans le folklore. L'image d'un balai est-elle venue d'un chasseur de sorcières observant un rituel païen de récolte ? Ou s'agit-il simplement du fruit de l'imagination d'un aspirant démonologue, peu enclin aux tâches ménagères ? Quoi qu'il en soit, son créateur ignorait totalement l'impact que sa liberté créative allait avoir sur la culture populaire.

Cependant, tous les stéréotypes ne sont pas d'origine aussi douteuse. Il existe des approches scientifiques que l'on peut appliquer rétroactivement à des aberrations illogiques. Prenons l'exemple des liens entre les chats et les sorcières. Neil DeGrasse Tyson l'a expliqué succinctement dans un podcast récent : certaines femmes mystérieusement – hum, magiquement – insensibles à la peste se trouvaient être propriétaires de chats.

Les profanes de l'époque auraient pu crier « Sorcière ! » Mais nous savons aujourd'hui que les épidémies étaient transmises par les puces via les rats. Et s'il existe un moyen de débarrasser sa maison des rongeurs, c'est d'avoir un compagnon félin. Ajoutez à cela quelques siècles d'analphabétisme du Moyen Âge et une pincée de misogynie paranoïaque, et vous obtenez un stéréotype classique.

Alors, mélangez l'ignorance scientifique à la propagande alarmiste religieuse. Ajoutez à cela une haine profonde des femmes, et vous obtenez la potion infecte qui a conduit à notre caricature actuelle des sorcières.

Ajoutez à cela une haine profonde des femmes et vous obtenez la potion infecte qui a conduit à notre caricature actuelle des sorcières.

La bonne nouvelle ? À notre époque plus éclairée, des écrivains de tous bords se réapproprient l'histoire de la sorcière. De Broadway — pensez à Wicked — au grand écran — The VVitch de Robert Egger —, la sorcière souvent calomniée vit sa renaissance en tant que figure à la fois vénérée et respectueusement crainte.

De plus en plus souvent, nous explorons l’hystérie avec un regard critique sur les structures de pouvoir de l’époque… et nos réalités actuelles.

De plus en plus souvent, nous explorons l’hystérie avec un regard critique sur les structures de pouvoir de l’époque… et nos réalités actuelles.

Les sorcières ont encore aujourd’hui une emprise sur l’art et la littérature parce qu’elles nous renvoient nos peurs :

Notre manque de contrôle sur le chaos de l’univers ;

Nos faibles défenses contre la maladie et le malheur ;

Notre tendance à pointer du doigt, à accuser plutôt qu’à accepter.

Et c’est peut-être le rôle que jouent ces figures indélébiles dans notre histoire collective.

Ce qui est le plus effrayant chez une sorcière, ce n'est pas ce qui bouillonne dans son chaudron. C'est ce qui bouillonne et bouillonne dans nos âmes.

décembre 30, 2025 3 lire la lecture

It’s Freewrite’s favorite time of year. When dictionaries around the world examine language use of the previous year and select a “Word of the Year.”

Of course, there are many different dictionaries in use in the English language, and they all have different ideas about what word was the most influential or saw the most growth in the previous year. They individually review new slang and culturally relevant vocabulary, examine spikes or dips in usage, and pour over internet trend data.

Let’s see what some of the biggest dictionaries decided for 2025. And read to the end for a chance to submit your own Word of the Year — and win a Freewrite gift card.

[SUBMIT YOUR WORD OF THE YEAR]


Merriam-Webster: "slop"

Merriam-Webster chose "slop" as its Word of the Year for 2025 to describe "all that stuff dumped on our screens, captured in just four letters."

The dictionary lists "absurd videos, off-kilter advertising images, cheesy propaganda, fake news that looks pretty real, junky AI-written books, 'workslop' reports that waste coworkers’ time … and lots of talking cats" as examples of slop.

The original sense of the word "slop" from the 1700s was “soft mud” and eventually evolved to mean "food waste" and "rubbish." 2025 linked the term to AI, and the rest is history.

Honorable mentions: conclave, gerrymander, touch grass, performative, tariff, 67.

Dictionary.com: "67"

The team at Dictionary.com likes to pick a word that serves as “a linguistic time capsule, reflecting social trends and global events that defined the year.”

For 2025, they decided that “word” was actually a number. Or two numbers, to be exact.

If you’re an old, like me, and don’t know many school-age children, you may not have heard “67” in use. (Note that this is not “sixty-seven,” but “six, seven.”)

Dictionary.com claims the origin of “67” is a song called “Doot Doot (6 7)” by Skrilla, quickly made infamous by viral TikTok videos, most notably featuring a child who will for the rest of his life be known as the “6-7 Kid.” But according to my nine-year-old cousin, the origins of something so mystical can’t ever truly be known.

(My third grade expert also demonstrated the accompanying signature hand gesture, where you place both hands palms up and alternately move up and down.)

And if you happen to find yourself in a fourth-grade classroom, watch your mouth, because there’s a good chance this term has been banned for the teacher’s sanity.

Annoyed yet? Don’t be. As Dictionary.com points out, 6-7 is a rather delightful example at how fast language can develop as a new generation joins the conversation.

Dictionary.com honorable mentions: agentic, aura farming, broligarchy, clanker, Gen Z stare, kiss cam, overtourism, tariff, tradwife.

Oxford Dictionary: "rage bait"

With input from more than 30,000 users and expert analysis, Oxford Dictionary chose "rage bait" for their word of the year.

Specifically, the dictionary pointed to 2025’s news cycle, online manipulation tactics, and growing awareness of where we spend our time and attention online.

While closely paralleling its etymological cousin "clickbait," rage bait more specifically denotes content that evokes anger, discord, or polarization.

Oxford's experts report that use of the term has tripled in the last 12 months.

Oxford Dictionary's honorable mentions:aura farming, biohack.

Cambridge Dictionary: "parasocial"

The Cambridge Dictionary examined a sustained trend of increased searches to choose "parasocial" as its Word of the Year.

Believe it or not, this term was coined by sociologists in 1956, combining “social” with the Greek-derived prefix para-, which in this case means “similar to or parallel to, but separate from.”

But interest in and use of the term exploded this year, finally moving from a mainly academic context to the mainstream.

Cambridge Dictionary's honorable mentions: slop, delulu, skibidi, tradwife

Freewrite: TBD

This year, the Freewrite Fam is picking our own Word of the Year.

Click below to submit what you think the Word of 2025 should be, and we'll pick one submission to receive a Freewrite gift card.

[SUBMIT HERE] 

--

Sources

décembre 18, 2025 6 lire la lecture

Que peuvent apprendre les lettres personnelles de Jane Austen aux écrivains ?

décembre 10, 2025 6 lire la lecture

Singer-songwriter Abner James finds his creativity in the quiet freedom of analog tools. Learn how his creative process transcends different media.

Abner James went to school for film directing. But the success of the band he and his brother formed together, Eighty Ninety, knocked him onto a different trajectory.

The band has accrued more than 40 million streams since the release of their debut EP “Elizabeth," and their work was even co-signed by Taylor Swift when the singer added Eighty Ninety to her playlist "Songs Taylor Loves.”

Now, Abner is returning to long-form writing in addition to songwriting, and with a change in media comes an examination of the creative process. We sat down to chat about what's the same — and what's different. 

ANNIE COSBY: Tell us about your songwriting process.

ABNER JAMES: The way I tend to write my songs is hunched over a guitar and just seeing what comes. Sounds become words become shapes. It's a very physical process that is really about turning my brain off.

And one of the things that occurred to me when I was traveling, actually, was that I would love to be able to do that but from a writing perspective. What would happen if I sat down and approached writing in the same way that I approached music? In a more intuitive and free-form kind of way? What would that dig up?

AC: That's basically the ethos of Freewrite.

AJ: Yes. We had just put out a record, and I was thinking about how to get into writing for the next one. It occurred to me that regardless of how I started, I always finished on a screen. And I wondered: what's the acoustic guitar version of writing?

Where there's not blue light hitting me in the face. Even if I'm using my Notes app, it's the same thing. It really gets me into a different mindset.

 "I wondered: what's the acoustic guitar version of writing?"

I grew up playing piano. That was my first instrument. And I found an old typewriter at a thrift store, and I love it. It actually reminded me a lot of playing piano, the kind of physical, the feeling of it. And it was really fun, but pretty impractical, especially because I travel a fair amount.

And so I wondered, is there such a thing as a digital typewriter? And I googled it, and I found Freewrite.

AC: What about Freewrite helps you write?

AJ:I think, pragmatically, just the E Ink screen is a huge deal, because it doesn't exhaust me in the same way. And the idea of having a tool specifically set aside for the process is appealing in an aesthetic way but also a mental-emotional way. When it comes out, it's kind of like ... It's like having an office you work out of. It's just for that.

"The way I tend to write my songs is hunched over a guitar and just seeing what comes. Sounds become words become shapes. It's a very physical process that is really about turning my brain off."

And all of the pragmatic limitations — like you're not getting texts on it, and you're not doing all that stuff on the internet — that's really helpful, too. But just having the mindset....

When I pick up a guitar, or I sit down at the piano, it very much puts me into that space. Having a tool just for words does the same thing. I find that to be really cool and inspiring.

"When I pick up a guitar, or I sit down at the piano, it very much puts me into that space. Having a tool just for words does the same thing."

AC: So mentally it gets you ready for writing.

AJ: Yeah, and also, when you write a Microsoft Word, it looks so finished that it's hard to keep going. If every time I strummed a chord, I was hearing it back, mixed and mastered and produced...?

It's hard to stay in that space when I'm seeing it fully written out and formatted in, like, Times New Roman, looking all seriously back at me.

AC: I get that. I have terrible instincts to edit stuff over and over again and never finish a story.

AJ:  Also, the way you just open it and it's ready to go. So you don't have the stages of the computer turning on, that kind of puts this pressure, this tension on.

It's working at the edges in all these different ways that on their own could feel a little bit like it's not really necessary. All these amorphous things where you could look at it and be like, well, I don't really need any of those. But they add up to a critical mass that actually is significant.

And sometimes, if I want to bring it on a plane, I've found it's replaced reading for me. Rather than pick up a book or bring a book on the plane, I bring Traveler and just kind of hang out in that space and see if anything comes up.

I've found that it's kind of like writing songs on a different instrument, you get different styles of music that you wouldn't have otherwise. I've found that writing from words towards music, I get different kinds of songs than I have in the past, which has been interesting.

In that way, like sitting at a piano, you just write differently than you do on a guitar, or even a bass, because of the things those instruments tend to encourage or that they can do.

It feels almost like a little synthesizer, a different kind of instrument that has unlocked a different kind of approach for me.

"I've found that it's kind of like writing songs on a different instrument, you get different styles of music that you wouldn't have otherwise... [Traveler] feels almost like a little synthesizer, a different kind of instrument that has unlocked a different kind of approach for me."

AC: As someone who doesn't know the first thing about writing music, that's fascinating. It's all magic to me.

AJ: Yeah.

AC: What else are you interested in writing?

AJ: I went to school for film directing. That was kind of what I thought I was going to do. And then my brother and I started the band and that kind of happened first and knocked me onto a different track for a little while after college.

Growing up, though, writing was my way into everything. In directing, I wanted to be in control of the thing that I wrote. And in music, it was the same — the songwriting really feels like it came from that same place. And then the idea of writing longer form, like fiction, almost feels just like the next step from song to EP to album to novel.

For whatever reason, that started feeling like a challenge that would be deeply related to the kinds of work that we do in the studio.

AC: Do you have any advice for aspiring songwriters?

AJ: This sounds like a cliche, but it's totally true: whatever success that I've had as a songwriter — judge that for yourself — but whatever success I have had, has been directly proportional to just writing the song that I wanted to hear.

What I mean by that is, even if you're being coldly, cynically, late-stage capitalist about it, it's by far the most success I've had. The good news is that you don't have to choose. And in fact, when you start making those little compromises, or even begin to inch in that direction, it just doesn't work. So you can forget about it.

Just make music you want to hear. And that will be the music that resonates with most people.

I think there's a temptation to have an imaginary focus group in your head of like 500 people. But the problem is all those people are fake. They're not real. None of those people are actually real people. You're a focus group of one, you're one real person. There are more real people in that focus group than in the imaginary one.

And I just don't think that we're that different, in the end. So that would be my advice.

AC: That seems like generally great creative advice. Because fiction writers talk about that too, right? Do you write to market or do you write the book you want to read. Same thing. And that imaginary focus group has been debilitating for me. I have to silence that focus group before I can write.

AJ: Absolutely.

"I think there's a temptation to have an imaginary focus group in your head of like 500 people. But the problem is all those people are fake... You're a focus group of one, you're one real person. There are more real people in that focus group than in the imaginary one."

--

Learn more about Abner James, his brother, and their band, Eighty Ninety, on Instagram.