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Historia vs. Trama: Diferencias definitivas entre ellas

octubre 03, 2017 | 6 lectura mínima


La publicación invitada de hoy es de Jackie Dever, editora asociada en Aionios Books , una pequeña editorial de modelo tradicional con sede en el sur de California.


Una tarde, hace unos años, mientras remaba alegremente por mi flujo de conciencia, una enorme roca apareció entre la niebla, levantándose tan rápido que no tuve tiempo de navegar. Mi barquito de papel se estrelló y se arrugó, dejando el SS Plot hecho un desastre desintegrado y roto en el río Great Story.

En esta prueba personal de historia versus trama, esta última salió hecha un desastre.

Incluso mientras los eventos que condujeron a la conclusión de la historia continuaban fluyendo más allá de esa maldita roca, mi inestable nave simplemente no podía rodear el monolito.

Afrontar la naturaleza de la imaginación puede ser intimidante. Pero la mitad de la batalla consiste en comprender los elementos. ¿Acaso la historia y la trama no son sinónimos? ¿Acaso no podemos contar con que ambos elementos se fusionen automáticamente, felizmente unidos en un emocionante torrente de prosa? Pues... no.

¿Cuál es la diferencia entre historia y trama?

Una historia es la cronología obligatoria de los acontecimientos presentes en cualquier narrativa. ¿Si no hay historia, no hay novela? Porque toda novela, por abstracta que sea, debe relatar acontecimientos de algún tipo.

Una trama expresa una razón e informa al lector sobre por qué una lista específica de eventos debe estar junta y qué es lo que la línea de tiempo pretende comunicar en última instancia.

El ejemplo clásico de E. M. Forster en sus conferencias reunidas, Aspectos de la novela , todavía lo expresa mejor:

«El rey murió y luego murió la reina» es una historia. «El rey murió y luego murió la reina de pena» es una trama.

Al leer una historia, explica Forster, nos preguntamos "¿y luego?". Al evaluar una trama, nos preguntamos "¿por qué?".

Historia vs. Trama - Paweł Furman ( Paweł Furman )

Estas preguntas a veces surgen al mismo tiempo, por lo que comprender sus orígenes por separado es complicado. Pero por muy natural que parezca que los componentes se apoyan mutuamente, en realidad es la habilidad del autor la que los hace parecer así. Esto significa que, siempre que yo, tú o Stephen King nos sentamos a escribir , debemos gestionar ambos. Debemos mantener a los lectores absortos en un patrón de maravillosas preguntas sobre ¿qué sigue? y ¿por qué?, mientras queramos su atención.

Cómo la trama apoya la historia

Nadie quiere preguntarse sin parar "¿Y luego? ¿Y luego? ¿Y luego?". Somos curiosos; necesitamos saber por qué . Por desgracia, cuando la trama falta o es accidentalmente discordante con la historia, la verdadera pregunta del lector es "¿eh?".

La trama ofrece los trucos ingeniosos que nos reafirman que la narración tiene un propósito. Establece la causa y el efecto que da a los lectores una sensación de acierto en la conclusión de la historia.

La misma historia se puede contar de múltiples maneras:

El rey murió, y luego la reina murió vengándolo en la batalla.

El rey murió, y luego la reina murió a causa de la enfermedad contagiosa que él le había contagiado cuando pronunció sus últimas palabras cerca de su rostro.

El rey murió, y luego la reina, ansiosa por liberar al amante a quien el rey había encerrado celosamente en el calabozo, resbaló en un adoquín helado y murió.

Cómo el lugar donde empiezas ayuda a determinar dónde terminarás

En cada nuevo proyecto de ficción , me inspiro ampliamente desde un punto de vista narrativo o argumental. Ambos puntos de partida tienen sus ventajas y sus desafíos.

Empezando con la historia

Cuando una historia me inspira, formulo una serie de eventos que conducen a una conclusión fija. Puede que no conozca con precisión las motivaciones de mis personajes ni la lógica de sus decisiones, pero puedo imaginar las paradas que harán en su viaje. En otras palabras, sabré que la muerte de la reina sigue a la del rey. ¿La relación entre los eventos? Por determinar.

Puede ser un gran alivio tener la historia lista primero. Cuando me siento cómodo con los parámetros, puedo entrenarme para alcanzar una meta tangible. Y disfruto del ejercicio intelectual de conectar eventos en una secuencia creíble.

Aun así, siempre hay una trampa. Incluso con un desenlace claro, necesito pruebas sólidas (es decir, una trama eficaz) para justificar mis acontecimientos.

Hace unos años, decidí escribir una historia sobre un hombre que vende una cabaña en la playa por un centavo. Disfruté cada escena que creé, pero al final, solo tuve un cuento de hadas débilmente concebido. El brío imaginativo me encantó, pero por mucho que me las ingenié, no logré que la trama siguiera el curso de la historia. ¡Falló!

Empezando con la trama

Cuando una trama despierta mi creatividad, conozco los sentimientos e intenciones de los personajes. Abordo mi escritura como un universitario recto pero sin rumbo: indagador, motivado, seguro de mis valores y razones fundamentales, pero sin tener ni idea de dónde demonios voy a terminar. De hecho, me preocupa menos dónde termino que por qué termino allí, así que el itinerario está sujeto a cambios. No todos los que vagan están perdidos.

Disfruto avanzando narrativamente por una ruta tan orgánica. Trazar mi camino hacia una historia me permite guiarme por las respuestas emocionales, no por la lista de paradas de un turista. Me deslizo por las cascadas impulsado por la ira, la hilaridad o la alegría desenfrenada. Y cuando ese sentimiento apasionado se sincroniza con la historia, alabo a mis musas y confío en las corrientes.

Pero cuando me dejo guiar solo por las conexiones emocionales, empiezo a desear haber reservado o al menos haber estudiado el mapa antes de partir. Siempre suena noble lanzarse a la aventura, confiar en que el instinto me lleve adonde necesito estar. La realidad solo me golpea cuando estoy temblando bajo la lluvia y no tengo ni idea de dónde puedo atracar para pasar la noche. Aunque demasiada previsibilidad es agobiante, es frustrante perder por completo mi brújula mental.

No hay una manera incorrecta de empezar

Es difícil clasificar cualquier explosión creativa de la vida real con tanta precisión como lo he hecho anteriormente. Destellos de ambos elementos suelen mezclarse en ese momento revelador. Pero comprender los elementos de cada uno —y cómo afectan al proceso de escritura— es siempre lo que me prepara para la aventura que me espera . ¿Tendré que centrarme extensamente en los porqués y los cómos de mis personajes para guiar mi trama? ¿O haré mejor en asegurarme de que sus motivaciones se vean satisfechas por los eventos que les permito vivir?

Todos escribimos de forma diferente. A medida que nos comprometemos con nuestra práctica de escritura, surgen patrones en nuestro proceso y estilo. Soy una escritora centrada en la narrativa. Mi principal dificultad es mover la trama de un momento a otro, validar mi historia con un núcleo lógico.

Historia vs. Trama - Toa Heftiba ( Toa Heftiba )

Sin embargo, independientemente de nuestras tendencias personales, reconocer los elementos conectados pero distintivos nos recuerda que, si es necesario, podemos experimentar. Puedes intentar combinar varias historias con una trama intrigante antes de que todo encaje. O puedes decidir ser paciente con una gran historia cuya trama carece de la solidez necesaria para seguir adelante, y explorar las orillas del río en busca de un nuevo punto de partida, un rumbo más adecuado.

Está bien desmontar y reorganizar, trasplantar ideas radicalmente. Esa constante reconfiguración es la fuente de una literatura diversa y brillante, incluso cuando los mismos temas se repiten a lo largo de los siglos. El amor y la muerte, la sorpresa, la resignación, la magia. Nada de esto se volverá trivial cuando hay un mundo tan grande por experimentar y tantas maneras de comunicar las ideas atemporales.

Abordaré los muchos ríos entrecruzados de mi ficción desde mil ángulos, colocándome alas mecánicas para lograr una perspectiva aérea o recorriendo una carretera paralela en un Modelo T tosiendo. Dondequiera que (y como sea) vayamos, que todos aprendamos a apreciar la vista.

¡Nos encantaría escuchar tus opiniones sobre las diferencias en los comentarios!


Jackie Dever Jackie Dever es editora y escritora en el sur de California. Ha editado blogs, materiales corporativos, textos académicos, novelas y biografías. Es editora asociada en Aionios Books , una pequeña editorial tradicional con sede en el sur de California. Recientemente terminó de corregir las memorias " A Few Minor Adjustments" , ganadora del Premio del Libro de San Diego en 2017. (Septiembre de 2017) por Cherie Kephart. Escribe en su blog sobre escritura y publicación, tendencias de estilo de vida millennial y deportes al aire libre.

Freewrite: tu herramienta de escritura sin distracciones

diciembre 30, 2025 3 lectura mínima

It’s Freewrite’s favorite time of year. When dictionaries around the world examine language use of the previous year and select a “Word of the Year.”

Of course, there are many different dictionaries in use in the English language, and they all have different ideas about what word was the most influential or saw the most growth in the previous year. They individually review new slang and culturally relevant vocabulary, examine spikes or dips in usage, and pour over internet trend data.

Let’s see what some of the biggest dictionaries decided for 2025. And read to the end for a chance to submit your own Word of the Year — and win a Freewrite gift card.

[SUBMIT YOUR WORD OF THE YEAR]


Merriam-Webster: "slop"

Merriam-Webster chose "slop" as its Word of the Year for 2025 to describe "all that stuff dumped on our screens, captured in just four letters."

The dictionary lists "absurd videos, off-kilter advertising images, cheesy propaganda, fake news that looks pretty real, junky AI-written books, 'workslop' reports that waste coworkers’ time … and lots of talking cats" as examples of slop.

The original sense of the word "slop" from the 1700s was “soft mud” and eventually evolved to mean "food waste" and "rubbish." 2025 linked the term to AI, and the rest is history.

Honorable mentions: conclave, gerrymander, touch grass, performative, tariff, 67.

Dictionary.com: "67"

The team at Dictionary.com likes to pick a word that serves as “a linguistic time capsule, reflecting social trends and global events that defined the year.”

For 2025, they decided that “word” was actually a number. Or two numbers, to be exact.

If you’re an old, like me, and don’t know many school-age children, you may not have heard “67” in use. (Note that this is not “sixty-seven,” but “six, seven.”)

Dictionary.com claims the origin of “67” is a song called “Doot Doot (6 7)” by Skrilla, quickly made infamous by viral TikTok videos, most notably featuring a child who will for the rest of his life be known as the “6-7 Kid.” But according to my nine-year-old cousin, the origins of something so mystical can’t ever truly be known.

(My third grade expert also demonstrated the accompanying signature hand gesture, where you place both hands palms up and alternately move up and down.)

And if you happen to find yourself in a fourth-grade classroom, watch your mouth, because there’s a good chance this term has been banned for the teacher’s sanity.

Annoyed yet? Don’t be. As Dictionary.com points out, 6-7 is a rather delightful example at how fast language can develop as a new generation joins the conversation.

Dictionary.com honorable mentions: agentic, aura farming, broligarchy, clanker, Gen Z stare, kiss cam, overtourism, tariff, tradwife.

Oxford Dictionary: "rage bait"

With input from more than 30,000 users and expert analysis, Oxford Dictionary chose "rage bait" for their word of the year.

Specifically, the dictionary pointed to 2025’s news cycle, online manipulation tactics, and growing awareness of where we spend our time and attention online.

While closely paralleling its etymological cousin "clickbait," rage bait more specifically denotes content that evokes anger, discord, or polarization.

Oxford's experts report that use of the term has tripled in the last 12 months.

Oxford Dictionary's honorable mentions:aura farming, biohack.

Cambridge Dictionary: "parasocial"

The Cambridge Dictionary examined a sustained trend of increased searches to choose "parasocial" as its Word of the Year.

Believe it or not, this term was coined by sociologists in 1956, combining “social” with the Greek-derived prefix para-, which in this case means “similar to or parallel to, but separate from.”

But interest in and use of the term exploded this year, finally moving from a mainly academic context to the mainstream.

Cambridge Dictionary's honorable mentions: slop, delulu, skibidi, tradwife

Freewrite: TBD

This year, the Freewrite Fam is picking our own Word of the Year.

Click below to submit what you think the Word of 2025 should be, and we'll pick one submission to receive a Freewrite gift card.

[SUBMIT HERE] 

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Sources

diciembre 18, 2025 5 lectura mínima

¿Qué pueden enseñar las cartas personales de Jane Austen a los escritores?

diciembre 10, 2025 6 lectura mínima

Singer-songwriter Abner James finds his creativity in the quiet freedom of analog tools. Learn how his creative process transcends different media.

Abner James went to school for film directing. But the success of the band he and his brother formed together, Eighty Ninety, knocked him onto a different trajectory.

The band has accrued more than 40 million streams since the release of their debut EP “Elizabeth," and their work was even co-signed by Taylor Swift when the singer added Eighty Ninety to her playlist "Songs Taylor Loves.”

Now, Abner is returning to long-form writing in addition to songwriting, and with a change in media comes an examination of the creative process. We sat down to chat about what's the same — and what's different. 

ANNIE COSBY: Tell us about your songwriting process.

ABNER JAMES: The way I tend to write my songs is hunched over a guitar and just seeing what comes. Sounds become words become shapes. It's a very physical process that is really about turning my brain off.

And one of the things that occurred to me when I was traveling, actually, was that I would love to be able to do that but from a writing perspective. What would happen if I sat down and approached writing in the same way that I approached music? In a more intuitive and free-form kind of way? What would that dig up?

AC: That's basically the ethos of Freewrite.

AJ: Yes. We had just put out a record, and I was thinking about how to get into writing for the next one. It occurred to me that regardless of how I started, I always finished on a screen. And I wondered: what's the acoustic guitar version of writing?

Where there's not blue light hitting me in the face. Even if I'm using my Notes app, it's the same thing. It really gets me into a different mindset.

 "I wondered: what's the acoustic guitar version of writing?"

I grew up playing piano. That was my first instrument. And I found an old typewriter at a thrift store, and I love it. It actually reminded me a lot of playing piano, the kind of physical, the feeling of it. And it was really fun, but pretty impractical, especially because I travel a fair amount.

And so I wondered, is there such a thing as a digital typewriter? And I googled it, and I found Freewrite.

AC: What about Freewrite helps you write?

AJ:I think, pragmatically, just the E Ink screen is a huge deal, because it doesn't exhaust me in the same way. And the idea of having a tool specifically set aside for the process is appealing in an aesthetic way but also a mental-emotional way. When it comes out, it's kind of like ... It's like having an office you work out of. It's just for that.

"The way I tend to write my songs is hunched over a guitar and just seeing what comes. Sounds become words become shapes. It's a very physical process that is really about turning my brain off."

And all of the pragmatic limitations — like you're not getting texts on it, and you're not doing all that stuff on the internet — that's really helpful, too. But just having the mindset....

When I pick up a guitar, or I sit down at the piano, it very much puts me into that space. Having a tool just for words does the same thing. I find that to be really cool and inspiring.

"When I pick up a guitar, or I sit down at the piano, it very much puts me into that space. Having a tool just for words does the same thing."

AC: So mentally it gets you ready for writing.

AJ: Yeah, and also, when you write a Microsoft Word, it looks so finished that it's hard to keep going. If every time I strummed a chord, I was hearing it back, mixed and mastered and produced...?

It's hard to stay in that space when I'm seeing it fully written out and formatted in, like, Times New Roman, looking all seriously back at me.

AC: I get that. I have terrible instincts to edit stuff over and over again and never finish a story.

AJ:  Also, the way you just open it and it's ready to go. So you don't have the stages of the computer turning on, that kind of puts this pressure, this tension on.

It's working at the edges in all these different ways that on their own could feel a little bit like it's not really necessary. All these amorphous things where you could look at it and be like, well, I don't really need any of those. But they add up to a critical mass that actually is significant.

And sometimes, if I want to bring it on a plane, I've found it's replaced reading for me. Rather than pick up a book or bring a book on the plane, I bring Traveler and just kind of hang out in that space and see if anything comes up.

I've found that it's kind of like writing songs on a different instrument, you get different styles of music that you wouldn't have otherwise. I've found that writing from words towards music, I get different kinds of songs than I have in the past, which has been interesting.

In that way, like sitting at a piano, you just write differently than you do on a guitar, or even a bass, because of the things those instruments tend to encourage or that they can do.

It feels almost like a little synthesizer, a different kind of instrument that has unlocked a different kind of approach for me.

"I've found that it's kind of like writing songs on a different instrument, you get different styles of music that you wouldn't have otherwise... [Traveler] feels almost like a little synthesizer, a different kind of instrument that has unlocked a different kind of approach for me."

AC: As someone who doesn't know the first thing about writing music, that's fascinating. It's all magic to me.

AJ: Yeah.

AC: What else are you interested in writing?

AJ: I went to school for film directing. That was kind of what I thought I was going to do. And then my brother and I started the band and that kind of happened first and knocked me onto a different track for a little while after college.

Growing up, though, writing was my way into everything. In directing, I wanted to be in control of the thing that I wrote. And in music, it was the same — the songwriting really feels like it came from that same place. And then the idea of writing longer form, like fiction, almost feels just like the next step from song to EP to album to novel.

For whatever reason, that started feeling like a challenge that would be deeply related to the kinds of work that we do in the studio.

AC: Do you have any advice for aspiring songwriters?

AJ: This sounds like a cliche, but it's totally true: whatever success that I've had as a songwriter — judge that for yourself — but whatever success I have had, has been directly proportional to just writing the song that I wanted to hear.

What I mean by that is, even if you're being coldly, cynically, late-stage capitalist about it, it's by far the most success I've had. The good news is that you don't have to choose. And in fact, when you start making those little compromises, or even begin to inch in that direction, it just doesn't work. So you can forget about it.

Just make music you want to hear. And that will be the music that resonates with most people.

I think there's a temptation to have an imaginary focus group in your head of like 500 people. But the problem is all those people are fake. They're not real. None of those people are actually real people. You're a focus group of one, you're one real person. There are more real people in that focus group than in the imaginary one.

And I just don't think that we're that different, in the end. So that would be my advice.

AC: That seems like generally great creative advice. Because fiction writers talk about that too, right? Do you write to market or do you write the book you want to read. Same thing. And that imaginary focus group has been debilitating for me. I have to silence that focus group before I can write.

AJ: Absolutely.

"I think there's a temptation to have an imaginary focus group in your head of like 500 people. But the problem is all those people are fake... You're a focus group of one, you're one real person. There are more real people in that focus group than in the imaginary one."

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Learn more about Abner James, his brother, and their band, Eighty Ninety, on Instagram.