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Tramas poderosas: 3 trucos de expertos para construir un arco narrativo

abril 24, 2019 | 6 lectura mínima

Los autores suelen tener opiniones divididas sobre si planificar una novela completa con detalle o simplemente empezar a escribir, pero algo en lo que todos coinciden es en la necesidad de un arco argumental potente. Este es lo que estructura la novela y la hace satisfactoria para los lectores. Sin él, la historia se desvía sin rumbo, y por muy bella que sea la prosa, sin un arco argumental, los lectores quedarán profundamente insatisfechos.

Los ingredientes de un arco argumental

Si consulta un diccionario para obtener una definición de arco argumental, verá algo como esto: “(en una novela, obra de teatro o película) el desarrollo o resolución de la narrativa o tema principal” (Oxford English Dictionary).

Como algo que se desarrolla y luego se resuelve, el arco narrativo tiene una forma definida, y los factores que le dan forma son la emoción y la tensión, que suben y bajan, y el desarrollo de los personajes. Cuando estos ingredientes se utilizan con eficacia, se obtiene un arco narrativo potente que mantiene a los lectores enganchados, que es lo que todo autor (debería) desear.

Desde Aristóteles (siglo IV a. C.), los grandes escritores comprendieron que la fórmula para un arco narrativo eficaz implica un principio, un intermedio y un final.

  • El comienzo prepara el escenario y presenta los personajes y el tema de la novela.
  • La parte media crea tensión y aumenta la inversión emocional del lector.
  • Finalmente, el final ofrece una resolución. No tiene que ser una resolución completa (aunque algunos lectores la prefieren), pero sí debe haber algún tipo de resolución.

Consejos de expertos para crear un arco narrativo poderoso

1. Construye tu arco narrativo con las '5 W'

Todo escritor debería estar familiarizado con las 5 W: Quién, Qué, Dónde, Cuándo y Por qué. Sin embargo, quizá no te hayas dado cuenta de su gran influencia al construir tu arco narrativo. Para sacarle el máximo provecho, debes plantearte una serie de preguntas que guiarán el desarrollo de tu trama:

  • ¿Quién pregunta?
    • ¿Quiénes son tus protagonistas y cómo podrían crecer o disminuir para crear tensión?
    • ¿Quiénes son tus antagonistas y cómo impactará su desarrollo en la narrativa y en tus protagonistas?
    • ¿Con quién de tu elenco de personajes quieres que tus lectores simpaticen más, y cómo el subvertir esto podría crear tensión en el arco de tu historia?
  • ¿Qué preguntas?:
    • ¿Qué motiva a tus personajes y cómo podrían estas motivaciones verse desafiadas a lo largo de tu historia?
    • ¿Qué impacto podrían tener las motivaciones equivocadas en tu personaje y cómo se puede utilizar esto para crear tensión?
  • Dónde Preguntas:
    • ¿Dónde se desarrolla tu historia y cómo podrían los cambios inesperados en el entorno causar dificultades a tus personajes y aumentar la tensión en tu historia?
  • Cuando Preguntas:
    • ¿En qué momento de la cronología de tu historia sería más efectivo aumentar la tensión?
    • ¿Cuándo es menos probable que sus lectores esperen que ocurra algo que pueda generar emoción y tensión?
  • Preguntas de por qué:
    • ¿Por qué tus lectores se sentirán emocionalmente involucrados en tu historia y cómo puedes subvertir esto como parte del arco de tu historia?

2. No tengas miedo de romper con la tradición

Por supuesto, existen diferentes tipos de arco narrativo, y si bien la fórmula de ascenso y caída es una de las más populares, también existen varios arcos argumentales arquetípicos que los escritores han utilizado con éxito a lo largo de los siglos. De hecho, usar un arco narrativo arquetípico puede darle mucha más fuerza a la trama de tu novela, ya que rompe con lo que muchos lectores esperan.

Si quieres probar un arco narrativo arquetípico, tienes cinco opciones diferentes, según investigadores de la Universidad de Vermont y la Universidad de Adelaida. Estas se han clasificado en tipos de narrativa:

  1. De la pobreza a la riqueza (ascenso)
  2. De la riqueza a la miseria (caída)
  3. Hombre en un agujero (cae y luego se levanta)
  4. Cenicienta (asciende, luego cae, luego asciende)
  5. Edipo (caer, luego ascender, luego caer)

Muchos de estos arcos narrativos se basan en llevar al lector a un viaje emocional. Las historias de pobreza a riqueza, por ejemplo, captan la atención del lector al crear un personaje con el que se puede empatizar y crean un viaje emocional positivo de superación de las dificultades, que se resuelve con un final feliz típico. Este tipo de historias son muy populares porque transmiten una sensación de esperanza y justicia.

Sin embargo, las historias de pobreza a riqueza se han utilizado tanto que los lectores ahora exigen más, y el arco argumental tipo Edipo es el que los lectores parecen elegir con más frecuencia, seguido de cerca por los arcos argumentales del Hombre en un Agujero.

Puede ser útil crear una representación visual de los diferentes tipos de arcos narrativos arquetípicos para ayudarte a planificar su desarrollo en la trama. Por ejemplo, una representación visual de los arcos narrativos en el estudio mencionado anteriormente se ve así:

Arco argumental

(Fila superior, de izquierda a derecha: De la pobreza a la riqueza; El hombre en un agujero; Cenicienta)

Fila inferior, de izquierda a derecha: De la riqueza a la miseria; (Ícaro: el tradicional ascenso y luego caída); Edipo

(Crédito: Reagan et. al/ Universidad de Vermont)

Con una representación visual del arco argumental, es fácil trazar los eventos principales de la historia y descubrir más oportunidades para generar un alto nivel de emoción. Si no te gustan los esquemas detallados, un arco argumental visual te permite seguir la línea argumental sin tener que planificar cada capítulo o escena.

3. Aprovecha el poder de los subarcos

Dependiendo de la extensión de tu historia o novela, crear subarcos, o arcos menores, puede ser muy efectivo. Estos subarcos pueden ser adicionales o formar parte de tu arco argumental principal. Por ejemplo, si optas por un arco argumental tradicional de ascenso y caída, podrías tener un subarco basado en un tema diferente que siga un formato de ascenso, caída y ascenso, o caída, ascenso y caída.

Usar subarcos te ayuda a construir una estructura dramática más sólida en tu historia y es muy efectivo para mantener a tus lectores en vilo. Además, usar subarcos en tus historias tiene muchas ventajas. Por ejemplo:

  • Puedes crear distintos tipos de tensión en distintos puntos de la historia: por ejemplo, cuando la tensión disminuye en el arco argumental principal, puedes generar tensión en un subarco para mantener el interés de los lectores.
  • Tienes más oportunidades de desarrollar tus personajes y hacer que tus lectores se sientan más involucrados con ellos.
  • Puedes crear múltiples situaciones en las que parezca que tus personajes tienen todo que perder, lo que genera aún más tensión dramática.

Al usar subarcos, crear un esquema visual de tu novela es crucial. Incorporar subarcos a tu historia puede ser complejo, por lo que es importante que puedas ver dónde te encuentras tanto en el arco principal como en los subarcos; de lo contrario, podrías terminar con un desastre en lugar de un arco definido. Son este tipo de nudos confusos los que desaniman y frustran a los lectores, así que no te saltes la creación de un esquema visual de tu arco y subarcos.

Trazar tus arcos y subarcos en papel milimetrado o con una aplicación en tu computadora o teléfono es relativamente rápido. Además, a medida que tu historia se desarrolla, es fácil hacer ajustes y añadir más detalles al diagrama. De esta manera, evitarás el problema de añadir demasiados subarcos o demasiados puntos de tensión y mantendrás una estructura dramática clara en tu historia.

Hay muchas plantillas de arcos argumentales que puedes descargar en línea, como esta:

Plantilla de arco argumental

(Crédito: https://www.timvandevall.com/templates/plot-diagram-graphic-organizers/ )

Ejerciendo el poder de los arcos narrativos

Sea cual sea el tipo de ficción que escribas, ya sea ciencia ficción, ficción literaria, novela negra y de suspense, terror o cualquier otra, necesitas empezar a trazar la trama usando arcos narrativos. Tus lectores te lo agradecerán, y tu número de lectores también aumentará.

Los arcos narrativos son una herramienta sencilla que puede marcar la diferencia entre una buena historia y una gran historia. Muchos autores que no prefieren planificar sus novelas con antelación consideran que los arcos narrativos limitan su creatividad; sin embargo, en realidad, pueden impulsarla, permitiéndote visualizar más oportunidades para desarrollar personajes y crear tensión.

No es necesario hacer un esquema detallado para usar arcos narrativos, y seguramente descubrirás que, en lugar de ser restrictivos, los arcos narrativos te brindan la estructura que necesitas para dar rienda suelta a tu creatividad en la página.


Acerca del autor:

Ariella es una redactora, editora y consultora de marketing digital con amplia experiencia. Impulsada por su pasión por la escritura y la creación de contenido, se enorgullece de producir artículos que ofrecen la información más reciente de forma atractiva y campañas de marketing que generan resultados excepcionales. Ariella es licenciada con honores en Lengua Inglesa y Escritura Creativa (Primera), tiene una maestría en Teología y Ministerio, y es autora de tres novelas y un exitoso libro de no ficción. Creativa de corazón, Ariella cuenta con 14 años de experiencia en el sector y siempre busca mantenerse al día con las tendencias y desarrollos actuales. Vive en el Reino Unido con sus tres beagles, Zeke, Hope y Sandy, quienes siempre hacen la vida interesante.

 

diciembre 30, 2025 3 lectura mínima

It’s Freewrite’s favorite time of year. When dictionaries around the world examine language use of the previous year and select a “Word of the Year.”

Of course, there are many different dictionaries in use in the English language, and they all have different ideas about what word was the most influential or saw the most growth in the previous year. They individually review new slang and culturally relevant vocabulary, examine spikes or dips in usage, and pour over internet trend data.

Let’s see what some of the biggest dictionaries decided for 2025. And read to the end for a chance to submit your own Word of the Year — and win a Freewrite gift card.

[SUBMIT YOUR WORD OF THE YEAR]


Merriam-Webster: "slop"

Merriam-Webster chose "slop" as its Word of the Year for 2025 to describe "all that stuff dumped on our screens, captured in just four letters."

The dictionary lists "absurd videos, off-kilter advertising images, cheesy propaganda, fake news that looks pretty real, junky AI-written books, 'workslop' reports that waste coworkers’ time … and lots of talking cats" as examples of slop.

The original sense of the word "slop" from the 1700s was “soft mud” and eventually evolved to mean "food waste" and "rubbish." 2025 linked the term to AI, and the rest is history.

Honorable mentions: conclave, gerrymander, touch grass, performative, tariff, 67.

Dictionary.com: "67"

The team at Dictionary.com likes to pick a word that serves as “a linguistic time capsule, reflecting social trends and global events that defined the year.”

For 2025, they decided that “word” was actually a number. Or two numbers, to be exact.

If you’re an old, like me, and don’t know many school-age children, you may not have heard “67” in use. (Note that this is not “sixty-seven,” but “six, seven.”)

Dictionary.com claims the origin of “67” is a song called “Doot Doot (6 7)” by Skrilla, quickly made infamous by viral TikTok videos, most notably featuring a child who will for the rest of his life be known as the “6-7 Kid.” But according to my nine-year-old cousin, the origins of something so mystical can’t ever truly be known.

(My third grade expert also demonstrated the accompanying signature hand gesture, where you place both hands palms up and alternately move up and down.)

And if you happen to find yourself in a fourth-grade classroom, watch your mouth, because there’s a good chance this term has been banned for the teacher’s sanity.

Annoyed yet? Don’t be. As Dictionary.com points out, 6-7 is a rather delightful example at how fast language can develop as a new generation joins the conversation.

Dictionary.com honorable mentions: agentic, aura farming, broligarchy, clanker, Gen Z stare, kiss cam, overtourism, tariff, tradwife.

Oxford Dictionary: "rage bait"

With input from more than 30,000 users and expert analysis, Oxford Dictionary chose "rage bait" for their word of the year.

Specifically, the dictionary pointed to 2025’s news cycle, online manipulation tactics, and growing awareness of where we spend our time and attention online.

While closely paralleling its etymological cousin "clickbait," rage bait more specifically denotes content that evokes anger, discord, or polarization.

Oxford's experts report that use of the term has tripled in the last 12 months.

Oxford Dictionary's honorable mentions:aura farming, biohack.

Cambridge Dictionary: "parasocial"

The Cambridge Dictionary examined a sustained trend of increased searches to choose "parasocial" as its Word of the Year.

Believe it or not, this term was coined by sociologists in 1956, combining “social” with the Greek-derived prefix para-, which in this case means “similar to or parallel to, but separate from.”

But interest in and use of the term exploded this year, finally moving from a mainly academic context to the mainstream.

Cambridge Dictionary's honorable mentions: slop, delulu, skibidi, tradwife

Freewrite: TBD

This year, the Freewrite Fam is picking our own Word of the Year.

Click below to submit what you think the Word of 2025 should be, and we'll pick one submission to receive a Freewrite gift card.

[SUBMIT HERE] 

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Sources

diciembre 18, 2025 5 lectura mínima

¿Qué pueden enseñar las cartas personales de Jane Austen a los escritores?

diciembre 10, 2025 6 lectura mínima

Singer-songwriter Abner James finds his creativity in the quiet freedom of analog tools. Learn how his creative process transcends different media.

Abner James went to school for film directing. But the success of the band he and his brother formed together, Eighty Ninety, knocked him onto a different trajectory.

The band has accrued more than 40 million streams since the release of their debut EP “Elizabeth," and their work was even co-signed by Taylor Swift when the singer added Eighty Ninety to her playlist "Songs Taylor Loves.”

Now, Abner is returning to long-form writing in addition to songwriting, and with a change in media comes an examination of the creative process. We sat down to chat about what's the same — and what's different. 

ANNIE COSBY: Tell us about your songwriting process.

ABNER JAMES: The way I tend to write my songs is hunched over a guitar and just seeing what comes. Sounds become words become shapes. It's a very physical process that is really about turning my brain off.

And one of the things that occurred to me when I was traveling, actually, was that I would love to be able to do that but from a writing perspective. What would happen if I sat down and approached writing in the same way that I approached music? In a more intuitive and free-form kind of way? What would that dig up?

AC: That's basically the ethos of Freewrite.

AJ: Yes. We had just put out a record, and I was thinking about how to get into writing for the next one. It occurred to me that regardless of how I started, I always finished on a screen. And I wondered: what's the acoustic guitar version of writing?

Where there's not blue light hitting me in the face. Even if I'm using my Notes app, it's the same thing. It really gets me into a different mindset.

 "I wondered: what's the acoustic guitar version of writing?"

I grew up playing piano. That was my first instrument. And I found an old typewriter at a thrift store, and I love it. It actually reminded me a lot of playing piano, the kind of physical, the feeling of it. And it was really fun, but pretty impractical, especially because I travel a fair amount.

And so I wondered, is there such a thing as a digital typewriter? And I googled it, and I found Freewrite.

AC: What about Freewrite helps you write?

AJ:I think, pragmatically, just the E Ink screen is a huge deal, because it doesn't exhaust me in the same way. And the idea of having a tool specifically set aside for the process is appealing in an aesthetic way but also a mental-emotional way. When it comes out, it's kind of like ... It's like having an office you work out of. It's just for that.

"The way I tend to write my songs is hunched over a guitar and just seeing what comes. Sounds become words become shapes. It's a very physical process that is really about turning my brain off."

And all of the pragmatic limitations — like you're not getting texts on it, and you're not doing all that stuff on the internet — that's really helpful, too. But just having the mindset....

When I pick up a guitar, or I sit down at the piano, it very much puts me into that space. Having a tool just for words does the same thing. I find that to be really cool and inspiring.

"When I pick up a guitar, or I sit down at the piano, it very much puts me into that space. Having a tool just for words does the same thing."

AC: So mentally it gets you ready for writing.

AJ: Yeah, and also, when you write a Microsoft Word, it looks so finished that it's hard to keep going. If every time I strummed a chord, I was hearing it back, mixed and mastered and produced...?

It's hard to stay in that space when I'm seeing it fully written out and formatted in, like, Times New Roman, looking all seriously back at me.

AC: I get that. I have terrible instincts to edit stuff over and over again and never finish a story.

AJ:  Also, the way you just open it and it's ready to go. So you don't have the stages of the computer turning on, that kind of puts this pressure, this tension on.

It's working at the edges in all these different ways that on their own could feel a little bit like it's not really necessary. All these amorphous things where you could look at it and be like, well, I don't really need any of those. But they add up to a critical mass that actually is significant.

And sometimes, if I want to bring it on a plane, I've found it's replaced reading for me. Rather than pick up a book or bring a book on the plane, I bring Traveler and just kind of hang out in that space and see if anything comes up.

I've found that it's kind of like writing songs on a different instrument, you get different styles of music that you wouldn't have otherwise. I've found that writing from words towards music, I get different kinds of songs than I have in the past, which has been interesting.

In that way, like sitting at a piano, you just write differently than you do on a guitar, or even a bass, because of the things those instruments tend to encourage or that they can do.

It feels almost like a little synthesizer, a different kind of instrument that has unlocked a different kind of approach for me.

"I've found that it's kind of like writing songs on a different instrument, you get different styles of music that you wouldn't have otherwise... [Traveler] feels almost like a little synthesizer, a different kind of instrument that has unlocked a different kind of approach for me."

AC: As someone who doesn't know the first thing about writing music, that's fascinating. It's all magic to me.

AJ: Yeah.

AC: What else are you interested in writing?

AJ: I went to school for film directing. That was kind of what I thought I was going to do. And then my brother and I started the band and that kind of happened first and knocked me onto a different track for a little while after college.

Growing up, though, writing was my way into everything. In directing, I wanted to be in control of the thing that I wrote. And in music, it was the same — the songwriting really feels like it came from that same place. And then the idea of writing longer form, like fiction, almost feels just like the next step from song to EP to album to novel.

For whatever reason, that started feeling like a challenge that would be deeply related to the kinds of work that we do in the studio.

AC: Do you have any advice for aspiring songwriters?

AJ: This sounds like a cliche, but it's totally true: whatever success that I've had as a songwriter — judge that for yourself — but whatever success I have had, has been directly proportional to just writing the song that I wanted to hear.

What I mean by that is, even if you're being coldly, cynically, late-stage capitalist about it, it's by far the most success I've had. The good news is that you don't have to choose. And in fact, when you start making those little compromises, or even begin to inch in that direction, it just doesn't work. So you can forget about it.

Just make music you want to hear. And that will be the music that resonates with most people.

I think there's a temptation to have an imaginary focus group in your head of like 500 people. But the problem is all those people are fake. They're not real. None of those people are actually real people. You're a focus group of one, you're one real person. There are more real people in that focus group than in the imaginary one.

And I just don't think that we're that different, in the end. So that would be my advice.

AC: That seems like generally great creative advice. Because fiction writers talk about that too, right? Do you write to market or do you write the book you want to read. Same thing. And that imaginary focus group has been debilitating for me. I have to silence that focus group before I can write.

AJ: Absolutely.

"I think there's a temptation to have an imaginary focus group in your head of like 500 people. But the problem is all those people are fake... You're a focus group of one, you're one real person. There are more real people in that focus group than in the imaginary one."

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Learn more about Abner James, his brother, and their band, Eighty Ninety, on Instagram.