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Que perd le monde lorsqu’une langue meurt ?

Emily Pogue
décembre 08, 2024 | 5 lire la lecture

Tous les 40 jours, une autre espèce meurt , disparaissant ainsi à jamais.

D’ici 2100, ce chiffre représentera 3 500 personnes perdues.

Il ne s'agit pas d'une espèce animale ou d'une variété végétale, mais de langues, fondement de la communication humaine telle que nous la connaissons.

Au fil des siècles, certaines langues sont devenues plus populaires tandis que d'autres ont disparu, en raison de facteurs tels que le commerce, les migrations et l'oppression. Aujourd'hui, sur les 7 000 langues encore parlées, la moitié de la population mondiale n'en parle que 23 .

Cela signifie que des milliers de langues n’ont plus que quelques centaines, voire une douzaine, de locuteurs, ce qui est le signe avant-coureur de la mort d’une langue.

À quoi ressemble la mort d'une langue

Bien qu’une langue puisse être rapidement éradiquée de la surface de la Terre, comme dans le cas d’un génocide ou d’une censure gouvernementale, il s’agit généralement d’un processus plus lent.

Les communautés qui parlent une langue unique peuvent se réduire, au point qu'il ne reste plus que quelques locuteurs qui la maîtrisent. Le clou final du cercueil du lexique survient lorsque les jeunes cessent d'apprendre leur langue maternelle. La langue disparaît alors avec le dernier souffle du locuteur.

Les facteurs externes affectant la perte de la langue

Malheureusement, certains des endroits les plus riches en langues du monde sont aussi ceux qui sont les plus menacés par le changement climatique. Environ 20 % de toutes les langues se trouvent dans la région Pacifique , qui est aussi la zone où les déplacements de population sont les plus nombreux en raison des intempéries et de la montée du niveau de la mer.

Un autre facteur contribuant à la perte des langues est la technologie, et en particulier l'IA. Les modèles d'IA générative les plus populaires, comme ChatGPT, utilisent presque exclusivement l'anglais pour produire leurs réponses. Cela signifie qu'à mesure que nous devenons plus dépendants de l'IA, les langues plus restreintes, non intégrées à la technologie, pourraient devenir plus difficiles à utiliser et à parler.

Alors pourquoi devrions-nous faire des efforts pour sauver ces petites langues, alors qu’il serait peut-être plus efficace pour les gens d’adopter les langues les plus populaires ?

Parce que nos pensées, nos croyances et notre santé mentale peuvent toutes être affectées par la langue que nous parlons.

Le langage façonne-t-il la pensée ?

Le langage nous permet bien sûr de nommer un objet, mais aussi de définir nos pensées et nos sentiments. Et nous pouvons même avoir une meilleure conscience d'un concept parce que nous avons un mot pour le désigner.

Par exemple, le mot danois « hygge » a récemment gagné en popularité en ligne. De nombreux anglophones ont traduit ce terme par « confortable », mais en réalité, il a une signification plus profonde. Il peut désigner un moment privilégié entre proches ou la mise en œuvre d'une pratique d'amour-propre. Parce que ce mot fait partie intégrante de leur vocabulaire, les Danois sont peut-être plus conscients que les anglophones de l'importance de prendre du temps pour le hygge.

Pour aller plus loin, nous pouvons observer directement les effets de l'absence d'un mot dans le vocabulaire de la tribu Himba en Namibie. Dans la langue himba, il n'existe pas de mot pour la couleur bleue.

Même s'ils n'ont pas de mot pour le bleu, on pourrait supposer qu'ils peuvent quand même voir cette couleur. Pourtant, une expérience a montré que les membres de la tribu avaient plus de mal à différencier le bleu des autres couleurs. Cela suggère que notre vocabulaire peut influencer notre perception de notre environnement.

Ces exemples suivent la théorie du « whorfianisme » : selon laquelle le langage façonne la réalité que nous voyons et les pensées que nous expérimentons.

Alors que certains scientifiques soutiennent que cela est vrai, d’autres pensent que le langage joue un rôle moins important dans notre pensée critique, car nous sommes souvent capables de vivre des choses pour lesquelles nous n’avons pas de mots.

Comment la grammaire peut affecter nos croyances

La langue ne se résume pas au vocabulaire. Chaque langue maternelle possède également des structures grammaticales uniques. Dans de nombreuses langues, par exemple, les noms ont un « genre grammatical ».

Même cette simple catégorisation a des répercussions durables sur notre perception d'un mot. Par exemple, « mort » est un mot masculin en allemand, mais féminin en russe. Si l'on compare les peintures des deux pays, on constate que les artistes allemands ont plus tendance à représenter la mort sous les traits d'un homme , tandis que les Russes la représentent plus souvent sous les traits d'une femme.

Le fait de considérer la mort comme masculine ou féminine influence-t-il notre perception de la mort ? Cette association pourrait-elle influencer votre perception des hommes ou des femmes, à un niveau fondamental ?

Même si cela est difficile à prouver, cela montre à quel point la structure du langage peut s’imprégner profondément dans notre psyché.

Les bienfaits de parler sa langue maternelle pour la santé mentale

Préserver les langues moins populaires n'est pas seulement important pour une culture ; cela peut aussi avoir des conséquences directes pour un individu. Par exemple, une étude a révélé qu'un adolescent issu d'une communauté autochtone qui ne maîtrisait pas bien sa langue maternelle avait six fois plus de risques d'avoir des idées suicidaires.

Dans le même temps, les adolescents qui parlaient couramment leur langue maternelle étaient moins susceptibles de consommer de la drogue et de l’alcool.

Pour les personnes de tous âges, les recherches ont montré comment le fait de parler sa langue maternelle peut avoir un impact positif sur la vision qu’une personne a de son patrimoine, de sa culture et de son identité .

Alors que pouvons-nous faire pour sauver ces lexiques importants ?

Modélisation d'une réimplémentation réussie du langage

Une langue mourante peut être ressuscitée : il suffit de se tourner vers l’État d’Aloha pour trouver l’inspiration.

La langue hawaïenne, langue maternelle, ne comptait plus que 2 000 locuteurs dans les années 1980, lorsque les habitants ont exigé des mesures. Des écoles d'immersion en langue hawaïenne ont été ouvertes pour les enfants dès l'âge de trois ans, et aujourd'hui, 18 000 personnes à Hawaï parlent couramment cette langue .

D'autres langues minoritaires peuvent prendre exemple sur Hawaï. Et il est dans notre intérêt à tous de les aider.

L'application linguistique populaire Duolingo propose un cours en hawaïen et prévoit également d'ajouter d'autres langues en voie de disparition.

Le président de l'Irlande a publiquement remercié les bénévoles qui ont travaillé sur le cours d'irlandais dans l'application après avoir augmenté l'exposition à la langue irlandaise à un nombre impressionnant de 3 millions d'utilisateurs - en contraste frappant avec ses 30 000 locuteurs natifs estimés .

Que vous soyez locuteur natif d’une langue en voie de disparition ou que vous soyez simplement intéressé par le rôle de la langue dans la société, nous pouvons tous contribuer à sensibiliser à ce défi.

Avec suffisamment de soutien et d’enthousiasme, peut-être quelques victimes supplémentaires pourront-elles être sauvées du cimetière linguistique.

décembre 18, 2025 6 lire la lecture

Que peuvent apprendre les lettres personnelles de Jane Austen aux écrivains ?

décembre 10, 2025 6 lire la lecture

Singer-songwriter Abner James finds his creativity in the quiet freedom of analog tools. Learn how his creative process transcends different media.

Abner James went to school for film directing. But the success of the band he and his brother formed together, Eighty Ninety, knocked him onto a different trajectory.

The band has accrued more than 40 million streams since the release of their debut EP “Elizabeth," and their work was even co-signed by Taylor Swift when the singer added Eighty Ninety to her playlist "Songs Taylor Loves.”

Now, Abner is returning to long-form writing in addition to songwriting, and with a change in media comes an examination of the creative process. We sat down to chat about what's the same — and what's different. 

ANNIE COSBY: Tell us about your songwriting process.

ABNER JAMES: The way I tend to write my songs is hunched over a guitar and just seeing what comes. Sounds become words become shapes. It's a very physical process that is really about turning my brain off.

And one of the things that occurred to me when I was traveling, actually, was that I would love to be able to do that but from a writing perspective. What would happen if I sat down and approached writing in the same way that I approached music? In a more intuitive and free-form kind of way? What would that dig up?

AC: That's basically the ethos of Freewrite.

AJ: Yes. We had just put out a record, and I was thinking about how to get into writing for the next one. It occurred to me that regardless of how I started, I always finished on a screen. And I wondered: what's the acoustic guitar version of writing?

Where there's not blue light hitting me in the face. Even if I'm using my Notes app, it's the same thing. It really gets me into a different mindset.

 "I wondered: what's the acoustic guitar version of writing?"

I grew up playing piano. That was my first instrument. And I found an old typewriter at a thrift store, and I love it. It actually reminded me a lot of playing piano, the kind of physical, the feeling of it. And it was really fun, but pretty impractical, especially because I travel a fair amount.

And so I wondered, is there such a thing as a digital typewriter? And I googled it, and I found Freewrite.

AC: What about Freewrite helps you write?

AJ:I think, pragmatically, just the E Ink screen is a huge deal, because it doesn't exhaust me in the same way. And the idea of having a tool specifically set aside for the process is appealing in an aesthetic way but also a mental-emotional way. When it comes out, it's kind of like ... It's like having an office you work out of. It's just for that.

"The way I tend to write my songs is hunched over a guitar and just seeing what comes. Sounds become words become shapes. It's a very physical process that is really about turning my brain off."

And all of the pragmatic limitations — like you're not getting texts on it, and you're not doing all that stuff on the internet — that's really helpful, too. But just having the mindset....

When I pick up a guitar, or I sit down at the piano, it very much puts me into that space. Having a tool just for words does the same thing. I find that to be really cool and inspiring.

"When I pick up a guitar, or I sit down at the piano, it very much puts me into that space. Having a tool just for words does the same thing."

AC: So mentally it gets you ready for writing.

AJ: Yeah, and also, when you write a Microsoft Word, it looks so finished that it's hard to keep going. If every time I strummed a chord, I was hearing it back, mixed and mastered and produced...?

It's hard to stay in that space when I'm seeing it fully written out and formatted in, like, Times New Roman, looking all seriously back at me.

AC: I get that. I have terrible instincts to edit stuff over and over again and never finish a story.

AJ:  Also, the way you just open it and it's ready to go. So you don't have the stages of the computer turning on, that kind of puts this pressure, this tension on.

It's working at the edges in all these different ways that on their own could feel a little bit like it's not really necessary. All these amorphous things where you could look at it and be like, well, I don't really need any of those. But they add up to a critical mass that actually is significant.

And sometimes, if I want to bring it on a plane, I've found it's replaced reading for me. Rather than pick up a book or bring a book on the plane, I bring Traveler and just kind of hang out in that space and see if anything comes up.

I've found that it's kind of like writing songs on a different instrument, you get different styles of music that you wouldn't have otherwise. I've found that writing from words towards music, I get different kinds of songs than I have in the past, which has been interesting.

In that way, like sitting at a piano, you just write differently than you do on a guitar, or even a bass, because of the things those instruments tend to encourage or that they can do.

It feels almost like a little synthesizer, a different kind of instrument that has unlocked a different kind of approach for me.

"I've found that it's kind of like writing songs on a different instrument, you get different styles of music that you wouldn't have otherwise... [Traveler] feels almost like a little synthesizer, a different kind of instrument that has unlocked a different kind of approach for me."

AC: As someone who doesn't know the first thing about writing music, that's fascinating. It's all magic to me.

AJ: Yeah.

AC: What else are you interested in writing?

AJ: I went to school for film directing. That was kind of what I thought I was going to do. And then my brother and I started the band and that kind of happened first and knocked me onto a different track for a little while after college.

Growing up, though, writing was my way into everything. In directing, I wanted to be in control of the thing that I wrote. And in music, it was the same — the songwriting really feels like it came from that same place. And then the idea of writing longer form, like fiction, almost feels just like the next step from song to EP to album to novel.

For whatever reason, that started feeling like a challenge that would be deeply related to the kinds of work that we do in the studio.

AC: Do you have any advice for aspiring songwriters?

AJ: This sounds like a cliche, but it's totally true: whatever success that I've had as a songwriter — judge that for yourself — but whatever success I have had, has been directly proportional to just writing the song that I wanted to hear.

What I mean by that is, even if you're being coldly, cynically, late-stage capitalist about it, it's by far the most success I've had. The good news is that you don't have to choose. And in fact, when you start making those little compromises, or even begin to inch in that direction, it just doesn't work. So you can forget about it.

Just make music you want to hear. And that will be the music that resonates with most people.

I think there's a temptation to have an imaginary focus group in your head of like 500 people. But the problem is all those people are fake. They're not real. None of those people are actually real people. You're a focus group of one, you're one real person. There are more real people in that focus group than in the imaginary one.

And I just don't think that we're that different, in the end. So that would be my advice.

AC: That seems like generally great creative advice. Because fiction writers talk about that too, right? Do you write to market or do you write the book you want to read. Same thing. And that imaginary focus group has been debilitating for me. I have to silence that focus group before I can write.

AJ: Absolutely.

"I think there's a temptation to have an imaginary focus group in your head of like 500 people. But the problem is all those people are fake... You're a focus group of one, you're one real person. There are more real people in that focus group than in the imaginary one."

--

Learn more about Abner James, his brother, and their band, Eighty Ninety, on Instagram.

novembre 29, 2025 4 lire la lecture

The Great Freewrite Séance: A Ghost'ly Charity Auction Full Terms & Conditions

These Terms and Conditions (“Terms”) govern participation in The Great Freewrite Séance: A Ghost'ly Charity Auction (“Auction”), organized by Freewrite (“Organizer,” “we,” “us,” or “our”). By registering for, bidding in, or otherwise participating in the Auction, you (“Participant,” “Bidder,” or “Winner”) agree to be bound by these Terms.

1. Auction Overview

1.1. The Auction offers for sale a limited number of Freewrite Traveler Ghost Edition units (“Items” or “Ghost Traveler units”), each personally signed and drawn on by a featured author.

1.2. All proceeds, net of explicitly disclosed administrative costs, will be donated to the charity or charitable initiative (“Charity”) identified on each auction item’s page, as chosen by the respective author.

2. Eligibility

2.1. Participants must be at least 18 years old or the age of majority in their jurisdiction, whichever is higher.

2.2. Employees of Freewrite, the participating authors, or any affiliates directly involved in the Auction are not eligible to bid.

2.3. By participating, you represent that you are legally permitted to take part in online auctions and to pay for any bids you win.

3. Auction Registration

3.1. Participants must create an account on the auction platform or otherwise register using accurate, current, and complete information.

3.2. Freewrite reserves the right to verify identity and to disqualify any Participant who provides false or misleading information.

4. Bidding Rules

4.1. All bids are binding, final, and non-retractable.

4.2. Bidders are responsible for monitoring their bids; Freewrite is not liable for missed notifications or technical issues on the auction platform or the Participant’s device.

4.3. Freewrite reserves the right to:

  • set minimum bids or bid increments;
  • reject bids deemed in bad faith or intended to disrupt the Auction;
  • extend, pause, or cancel the Auction in case of technical difficulties, fraud, or events beyond reasonable control.

5. Winning Bids and Payment

5.1. The highest valid bid at the close of the Auction is the Winning Bid, and the corresponding Participant becomes the Winner.

5.2. Winners will receive payment instructions and must complete payment within 48 hours of the auction’s close unless otherwise stated.

5.3. Failure to complete payment on time may result in forfeiture, and Freewrite may offer the Item to the next highest bidder.

5.4. Accepted payment methods will be listed on the Auction platform. All payments must be made in the currency specified.

6. Item Description and Condition

6.1. Each Ghost Traveler unit is authentic, and the signatures, doodles, and messages are original works created by the participating author. These are authors, not artists. By bidding on the Item, you acknowledge that you are receiving a one-of-a-kind unit marked with unique art and messages and you agree to these terms and conditions.

6.2. Because Items are customized and signed by hand, variations, imperfections, or unique marks are to be expected. These are considered part of the Item’s character and not defects.

6.3. Items are provided “as-is” and “as-available.” Freewrite makes no warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

7. Shipping & Delivery

7.1. Shipping costs, import duties, and taxes may apply unless explicitly stated otherwise.

7.2. Freewrite will make reasonable efforts to ship Items within the estimated timeline but cannot guarantee delivery dates.

7.3. Title and risk of loss transfer to the Winner upon delivery to the carrier.

7.4. Freewrite is not responsible for delays, damage, or loss caused by the courier or customs agencies.

8. Charity Donation

8.1. Net proceeds from the Auction will be donated to the Charity designated on each Item page.

8.2. Donation amounts and recipients may be disclosed publicly unless prohibited by law.

8.3. Winners acknowledge that they are purchasing Items, not making a tax-deductible donation to Freewrite; therefore, Winners will not receive charitable tax receipts unless Freewrite explicitly states otherwise in compliance with applicable laws.

9. Intellectual Property

9.1. All trademarks, brand names, product names, and creative materials associated with Freewrite and the Ghost Traveler remain the exclusive property of Freewrite or their respective rights holders.

9.2. Participants may not reproduce, distribute, or publicly display the authors’ doodles without permission where such rights are applicable, except as allowed by law (e.g., resale of the physical Item).

10. Privacy

10.1. By participating, you consent to Freewrite’s collection, use, and storage of your personal data in accordance with our Privacy Policy.

10.2. Freewrite may publicly announce auction results, including Winner’s first name, last initial, city, state/country, and winning bid amount unless prohibited by law or unless you formally request anonymity when possible.

11. Prohibited Conduct

Participants may not:

  • engage in bid manipulation, fraud, or collusive bidding;
  • use automated systems (bots, scripts, scrapers) to place or monitor bids;
  • interfere with the Auction, platform, or other participants

Freewrite may ban or disqualify any Participant violating these rules.

12. Limitation of Liability

To the fullest extent permitted by law:

12.1. Freewrite is not liable for indirect, incidental, special, or consequential damages arising from the Auction or purchase of Items.

12.2. Freewrite’s total liability in connection with these Terms shall not exceed the amount of the Winning Bid actually paid by the Participant.

12.3. Freewrite is not responsible for technical malfunctions, internet outages, system failures, or other issues beyond its control.

13. Cancellation and Force Majeure

Freewrite may cancel, postpone, or modify the Auction due to unforeseen circumstances, including but not limited to natural disasters, system failures, strikes, or events affecting participating authors or the Charity.

14. Governing Law & Dispute Resolution

14.1. These Terms are governed by the laws of Michigan, without regard to conflict-of-law rules.

14.2. Any disputes arising under these Terms will be resolved through binding arbitration or the courts of the specified jurisdiction, as applicable.

14.3. Participants waive any right to participate in class-action lawsuits relating to the Auction.

15. Amendments

Freewrite may update these Terms at any time. Continued participation in the Auction after updates constitutes acceptance of the revised Terms.

16. Contact Information

For questions or concerns regarding the Auction or these Terms, contact: hello@getfreewrite.com.